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It took years for Ukraine to recover. Russian settlers were ordered in to replace (and bury) the dead and to revive the neglected farmlands.
In 1941, during the Second World War, Germany invaded Ukraine, where they too ruthlessly exploited the produce of the land and the workers who harvested it. Once again there was substantial guerrilla resistance. At the end of the war areas long held by Russia and Poland were at last restored to Ukraine: all ethnic Ukrainian land was united in one Soviet republic. In the 1980s there was a revival of Ukrainian nationalism; there was also a religious revival (the communist government had suppressed all Churches).
In 1991 the Republic of Ukraine declared independence. The transition from soviet-style government and economy to parliamentary democracy and capitalism began with difficulty and still needs time to achieve.
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