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- Global Patterns of Commercial Agriculture
- Cash Crops: Mostly tropical; All crops compete w/ alternatives & synthetics=
li>
- Sugar - Caribbean (wealthy importing countries set tariffs &
quotas)
- Cotton US, China (NE), Mexico, Brazil, Egypt, India; Ind. Rev.
increased production
- Rubber Amazon (originated), Congo, SE Asia (>70% today most=
ly
due to availability of labor)
- Luxury Crops: tea, coffee, tobacco,
- Coffee Ethiopia (originated), Mid & S. Am. (70%); Coffee is =
2nd
most valuable traded commodity (petroleum is 1st), most=
is
grown on large, foreign-owned plantations
- Tea India, China, Japan (most to Eurasia)
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- Non-tropical Agriculture:
- Dairying, fruit & specialized crops northern latitudes (NE U=
S,
NW Eur)
- Mixed livestock & crops humid mid-latitudes (E US, W Eur &am=
p;
Russia)
- Commercial grains drier mid-latitudes
- Livestock ranching display a Thόnian pattern (along periphery,
consumers in core)
- Mediterranean dry summers; olives, citrus, grapes,
(wine count=
ry
high demand/price); US, Chile, S.Afr, Aus
- Rice US is #1 exporter (mostly subsistence farming in SE Asia)=
li>
- Illegal drugs mostly periphery to core
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- Agribusiness: large-scale, mechanized industrial agriculture;
corporations
- Commodity or food chains are usually composed of inputs, production,
outputs, distribution, and consumption; first developed by Europeans
during the colonial period (imprint is still seen)
- Poultry, Turkey, Pork,
Transformed from single farmers to vertically integrated
companies
- Involved in manufacturing & service as much as farming (banks,
equipment, sales, selective breeding,
)
- Growing resistance in Europe to importing American crops grown thro=
ugh
genetic engineering
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- Environmental Impacts: Agri=
culture
affects the landscape perhaps more than any other human activity
(impossible to measure)
- Expansion of livestock herding into semi-arid regions in Sub-Saharan
Africa (can lead to desertification)
- Clearing of forests for cattle grazing in Central & South Ameri=
ca
(more land needed for feed grains as well major cause of world
hunger)
- Introduction of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the U.S. (le=
d to
rise in demand for organic crops)
- Terracing of hillsides in S.E. Asia (prevents soil from washing
downhill, more land area)
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- Green Revolution (revisited)
- Not just higher yielding seeds chemical fertilizers, insecticides,
irrigation, machinery, hybridization (disease-resistant)
- Conditions for success money, political stability, independent (n=
ot
subsistence) farmers, transportation, market economy, cultural
acceptance, education,
- Conditions that limit success decline in soil quality, pollution
(water), increased costs of fuel & fertilizer, lack of equality
(women unable to receive credit), crushing debt (individual &
national), climatic factors (erosion, desertification), loss of
biodiversity,
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- Communal agriculture (e.g. China) collective farms (resulting in t=
he
significant displacement of rural people) have mixed results; farming
reprivatization is currently under way
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